LIGHT-AND-SHADE MODELING OF OBJECT FORMS IN HAND-DRAWN DESIGN GRAPHICS

Abstract

The article focuses on light-and-shade modeling of object forms in hand-drawn design graphics as an important
component of designers’ artistic and graphic training, as well as on the development of assessment criteria for the level of
mastery of this skill. The study analyzes contemporary international research in art pedagogy, design education, and the
assessment of creative works, which confirms the relevance of combining a stage-by-stage teaching methodology with
transparent pedagogical assessment criteria. The article clarifies the main concepts related to light-and-shade modeling of
form, including highlight, half-tone, local tone, core shadow, reflected light, cast shadow, and tonal hierarchy, and defines
their role in conveying volume and the spatial position of an object. A sequence of instructional stages is proposed, ranging
from mastering tonal gradations and constructing a value scale to depicting simple geometric solids, improving hatching
techniques, and applying light and shade in creative tasks. A four-level criteria-based assessment system has been
developed, covering the logic of light and shade, tonal range, graphic technique, and the convincing representation of
volume. It is substantiated that the combination of practice-oriented instruction in light-and-shade modeling with criteriabased assessment can contribute to the development of students’ artistic and graphic skills, increase the transparency of assessment, and improve the quality of professional training.