MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS FROM THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to bring into scientific circulation new musical, archeological and iconographic artifacts accumulated today for their presentation in Ukrainian and foreign historical instrumental studies, as well as to show the varieties and ethnic identity of percussion, wind and string instruments of those ethnic groups that have lived for almost 1000 years on the territory of Ukraine.
Research methodology. The paper uses combined archaeological and organological research methods.
Results. The reconstruction of the musical instruments of Ancient Ukraine (VI-XIV centuries) is closely related to the migration processes of medieval Europe and Asia. The most thoroughly studied medieval noise percussion instruments are egg-shaped ceramic idiophones (112.1). 2. A peculiar ceramic idiophone of the XI century from the historical city of Voyin’ its shape resembles the pommel of a mace. Metal rattles (112.1) come from the Volyntsev archaeological culture (VII–VIII c.), from the settlements of Listvyn, Pohorynnia (present-day Rivne region, XI–XIII c.), Zvenigorod (Lviv region, XII–XIII c.), and burials of Alan nomads of the Saltov-Mayaki culture (present-day Kharkiv region,VII–VIII c.). 3 Hanging bells with internal strikers (111.242.122) are represented by iron botalas («shepherd bells»), which are known among the artifacts of the Slavic (Listvyn, Hryhorivka village – X–XIII centuries)
and the nomadic Alan world (VIII– X c.). The earliest botalas of the Saltiv-Mayaki (Alanian) culture are dated to the VIII–IX centuries. A large botala of horse equipment was found in the burial of a rich Alan warrior. In Ukraine, the oldest iron botalas are known from the first half of the ІІІ c. (Chernyakhiv archaeological culture), in Northern Europe – from the V century. They were used as signaling and ritual instruments. 4. The earliest Slavic bells are found in the Pen’kiv archaeological culture (VI–VII c.), which belonged to the Ants. Bronze bells were made on the territory of medieval Ukraine. The oldest one was found in the sity of Voyin’ (first half of the XI c.). 5. There are several types of medieval wind instruments. These are bone open overtone flutes of two varieties: 1) without side holes (421.111.11) and 2) with holes (421.111.12). They date back to the ІХ–ХІІІ centuries. A separate variety of whistle flutes are open flutes with several side holes (421.221.12). 6. The ceramic whistle found near the Pechersk Monastery in Kyiv (ХІ c.) is unique, which still has no analogues among Slavic ceramic aerophones. An ocarina (ХIV c.) comes from the Lutsk castle, which is not covered with glaze and has an archaic appearance. 7. In medieval Ukraine there were еnd-blown straight trumpets (423.121.1). Their images are known from paintings on the fresco "Musicians" by Sophia of Kyiv (ХІ с.), from miniatures of the Kyiv Chronicle (ХІІ с.) and Kyiv Psalter (XIV c.). I prove that these trumpets had bone mouthpieces. 8. Lyre-shaped psaltery /gusli/ (XII c.) were found in the historical Zvenygorod, a replica of which was made by the reconstructor artist V. Ilkiv. The nomadic world of medieval Ukraine is represented by a Polovtsian (Сumans) bowed chordophone of the XIII c., found near the village of Kirov (Kherson region). Thіs chordophone is also depicted on a Polovtsian idol found on the Chongar peninsula in the Kherson region.
Novelty. The research materials include archaeological finds of musical instruments of those ethnic groups that in the VII–XIV centuries lived in various settled and nomadic ethnic environments of medieval Ukraine. All musical instruments were analyzes according to the Hornbostel-Sachs classification.
The practical significance. The paper materials can be used in research on the medieval musical and instrumental culture of the peoples of Euroре and Аsia.
