RESTITUTION OF UKRAINE’S CULTURAL HERITAGE : CHALLENGES, NECESSITY AND OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to analyse the current state of cultural heritage restitution in Ukraine and to identify the major challenges and opportunities arising in the context of ongoing armed aggression and large-scale cultural losses.
The paper examines historical prerequisites, international legal instruments, and contemporary institutional practices that shape Ukraine’s approach to the return of displaced cultural property.
Research methodology. The study is based on an examination of international conventions, national legislation, expert reports, museum documentation and analytical publications. Comparative, historical, legal and empirical methods have been applied to assess the evolution of restitution mechanisms and the current strategies implemented by Ukrainian and international institutions.
Results. It has been found that Ukraine is experiencing unprecedented damage to museum collections and cultural sites due to systematic looting, forced transfers, and deliberate destruction. Despite serious obstacles, including insufficient provenance documentation, political resistance, restricted access to occupied territories, and limited enforcement tools, Ukraine has strengthened state coordination, expanded heritage monitoring, and intensified cooperation with international organisations. New opportunities have emerged through digital provenance technologies, global advocacy networks and increased international recognition of Ukraine’s cultural rights.
Novelty. This paper offers one of the first complex assessments of restitution issues faced by Ukraine during an ongoing full-scale war, demonstrating how traditional restitution practices are being transformed by contemporary geopolitical and technological conditions.
The practical significance. The findings may be used by museum specialists, policymakers and legal experts to improve restitution procedures, enhance provenance research and develop more effective international cooperation aimed at protecting and returning Ukraine’s cultural heritage.